Software Testing Skill Review Test-Q 11 to 20 (Questions are useful for beginners as well as experienced QA Managers; who can review their skill before appearing in any interview) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 1 to Q 10 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 11: Branch Coverage is A. Another name for decision coverage B. Another name for all-edges coverage C. Another name for basic path coverage D. All the above ;<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 12: The following example is a If (condition1 && (condition2 || function1())) statement1; else statement2; A. Decision…

Software Testing Skill Review Test-Q 1 to 10 This Question Bank contains especially designed High Quality Multiple Choice Questions on Software Testing. (Questions are useful for beginners as well as experienced QA Managers; who can review their skill before appearing in any interview) Set of 10 Questions Q. 1: What is Critical in Web Testing? A. Performance and Functionality B. Functionality and usability C. Usability and Performance D. None of the above <<<<<< =================== >>>>>>   Q. 2: Testing across different languages is called A. Linguistic Testing B. Localization Testing C. Both A and B D. None of the above.…

Role of Load Testing in Performance Testing approach & its best practices Before taking up the issue of Load Testing in Performance Testing approach let us firstly try to understand as to why we should do the Performance Testing? Performance testing is usually carried out to discover different bottlenecks or risks associated with the system. The type of risks can have varying impact on the business in terms of added expenses, loss of opportunity, project delays and even the reputation of the organization may be at stake. The performance testing is a part of software testing that helps us in…

How to Beat the Recession-Seven Golden Tips for a Successful Career There is no one who does not aspire to excel in his/her career & reach the star. In today’s era of dynamism & great competition, I don’t think that heavy university degrees can contribute too much in your success. Impressive degrees undoubtedly act as a rock in the soil, but apart from that we need to understand the superiority of smart working over hard working in this environment of fast change. What we need is a Tip-Top & pleasing personality. Even if you happen to be highly qualified &…

Practical Approach for choosing Effective Test Cases Every tester begins his testing effort by building test cases. Test case creation is not a simple task as it appears. It is an art � rather a complex art. This task is fairly complex due to the following reasons: 1) Different varieties of test cases are required for different categories or classes of information. 2) All test cases within a particular test suite may or may not be good. Some test cases may be good & effective in many ways. 3) Different testers design their test cases as per a particular style of…

What is the Motive behind Software Testing? Testing is necessary due to the following reasons 1) Due to Technical Compulsions: a) Competent developers are not infallible. b) The implications of requirements are not always foreseeable. c) The behavior of a system is not necessarily predictable from its components. d) Languages, databases, user interfaces and operating systems have bugs that can cause application failures. e) Reusable classes and objects must be trustworthy. 2) Due to Business Compulsions: a) If you don’t find bugs, your customers or users will.b) Post-release debugging is the most expensive form of development. c) Buggy software hurts…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 91 to 100 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 81 to Q 90 are at the end of this page: Many More Articles on QA Managers Skill Review Test Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 81 to Q 90 are as under:   Question No. Correct Answer Q. 81 D Q. 82 A Q. 83 C Q. 84 C Q. 85 C Q. 86 A Q. 87 B Q. 88 B Q. 89…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 81 to 90 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 71 to Q 80 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 81: Which of the following software development models should a team use if it wishes to add explicit verification and validation steps to every phase of the classic waterfall lifecycle7 A. Modified waterfall. B. Agile model. C. Spiral model. D. V-Model.   <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 82: A developer…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 71 to 80 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 61 to Q 70 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 71: The tester should include the following when documenting a feature-by-feature risk assessment: A. Resources available. B. The cost of available resources. C. The impact of failure. D. A projection of sick days and vacations. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 72: Entry criteria for testing must be: A. Flexible. B.…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 61 to 70 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 51 to Q 60 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 61: The inspection effort indicator is associated with: A. The effort / outcome matrix. B. Static analysis. C. The QPI process. D. The Orange Book. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 62: The following are included as default data supplied by the Whole Plan Model: unit test, function test, detailed functional…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 51 to 60 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 41 to Q 50 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 51: The inspection effort indicator is a proxy measure of how well the inspection process was: A. Prepared. B. Implemented. C. Tracked. D. Timed. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 52: It becomes harder to maintain the high quality that both producers and consumers of software need because of: A. The…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 41 to 50 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 31 to Q 40 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 41: How many lines of code can an inspection team expect to review during one meeting? A. 100. B. 150. C. 250. D. 350. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 42: Which of the following are types of in-process metrics for testers? A. Prediction, process, informational, comparison, and tracking. B. Informational,…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 31 to 40 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 21 to Q 30 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 31: In software testing, process metrics are used to show: A. The expected state of the project at a future time. B. The conformance or deviation of a project relative to an established process or standard. C. The comparison of the current version of the project to previous versions…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 21 to 30 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 11 to Q 20 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 21: Michael Fagan recommended that inspection meetings last no longer than: A. One hour. B. Two hours. C. Three hours. D. Four hours. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 22: The following document is most closely associated with the software development estimation effort: A. Requirements document. B. Project plan. C. Test…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 11 to 20 (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 1 to Q 10 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 11: Which of the following is a part of the process for defining requirements? A. Testing the requirements. B. Creating the use cases and use-case model. C. Creating and documenting test requirements. D. Preparing the vision document. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 12: When calculating the DRE, a software professional…

Skill Test-A must for Team Leads and QA Managers-Q 1 to 10 This Question Bank contains highly challenging Objective Type questions especially designed for QA Managers / Software Project Managers / Team Leads; who can review their skills & knowledge pertaining to specialized areas in QA / Software Testing (Questions, solution or answers of which must be known to each & every Software QA Manager) Set of 10 Questions Q. 1: An effective test implementation strategy includes: A. Historical data from past test strategies. B. Defined entry and exit criteria for each iteration or level of testing planned. C. Execution…

Requirements Tracing Technique and Role of Verification and Validation-V and V Requirements Tracing is a technique for insuring that the product, as well as the testing of the product, addresses each of its requirements. The usual approach to performing requirements tracing uses following three types of matrices. Matrix-1: This matrix maps requirements to software modules. Construction and analysis of this matrix can help us ensure that the product properly addresses all requirements and that the product does not have any superfluous capabilities. System verification diagrams are another way of analyzing requirements / modules traceability. Matrix-2: This matrix maps requirements to test cases.…

How Debugging is different from Software Testing When the testing of any software application gets completed successfully, debugging activity starts. During testing errors come to the light through efficiently designed test cases. Thereafter the process by which the detected errors are practically removed is called debugging. After testing, we immediately start our hunt for the errors i.e., to identify the interface or the module responsible for causing it. Then that section of the code is to be studied to determine the cause of the problem. This process is called debugging. Hence, we can say that debugging is the name of…

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Download Link for your Favorite E-Book is at the End of this Page *********************************************************************** Who should test? and what?  An Overview Who should do the testing? Software testing is not the job of one person. It is teamwork. The size of the team depends upon the complexity and size of the software being tested. The software developer should have minimum or no role in the testing process as everyone knows that for a person who has developed the software, it is very difficult to pin point errors in his own creations. Seven soft skills crucial for a good tester are �…

Correct Answers to Objective Type Questions on Black Box Testing are at the end of this page: Review your Skills on Black Box Testing-Through Descriptive Questions Q. 1: Why we need to perform both types of testings like Functional as well as Structural Testing? A functional (Black Box) test case might be taken from the documentation description of how to perform a certain function. For example, accepting the bar code input. On the other hand, a structural test case might be taken from a technical documentation manual. Both methods together validate the entire system and is shown in Table below…

Review your Skills on Black Box Testing-Through Objective Type Questions Q. 1: Which is not a functional testing technique? A. BVA B. Decision table C. Regression testing D. None of the above. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 2: One weakness of BVA and Equivalence Partitioning is A. They are not effective B. They do not explore combinations of input circumstances C. They explore combinations of input circumstances D. None of the above. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 3: Decision tables are useful in situation where A. An action is taken under varying sets of corditions B. Number of combinations of actions are…

Presentations, E-B00ks & Study Material to prepare for ISTQB Certification Exams These Presentations & Study Material are for Free Download on to your PC. Important Steps to Download the Presentations or E-B00ks Step-1: Just Click on the link. You will be taken to an interesting article on Testing. Never Mind. Step-2: On the top of this newly opened page you will find a message Highlighted in Yellow advising you to browse down to the bottom of that page.  Step-3: Just browse down to the extreme bottom of the page & you will find the Hyperlink to download the desired E-B00k or the Presentation, you are looking for. Step-4: Just Click on the hyperlink & the download shall start in the background…

Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions for preparation of ISTQB certification exam (Quickly Review Your Skills before appearing for ISTQB Certification Exam) Set of 10 Questions – Continuing upto Q. 1060 Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 21 to Q 30 are at the end of this page: Q. 31: With which of the following categories is a test comparator tool USUALLY associated? A. Tool support for performance and monitoring. B. Tool support for static testing. C. Tool support for test execution and logging. D. Tool support for the management of testing and tests. <<<<<< ===================>>>>>> Q. 32: Which…

Quick Skill Review Test for ISTQB Exam Q. 21 to 30 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions for preparation of ISTQB certification exam (Quickly Review Your Skills before appearing for ISTQB Certification Exam) Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 11 to Q 20 are at the end of this page: Set of 10 Questions Q. 21: Given the following decision table: Which of the following test cases and expected results is VALID?   Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule  Rule 4 Conditions Age <21 yrs 21-29 yrs 30-50yrs > 50yrs Insurance Class A A or B B. C or D…

Quick Skill Review Test for ISTQB Exam Q. 11 to 20 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions for preparation of ISTQB certification exam (Quickly Review Your Skills before appearing for ISTQB Certification Exam) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 1 to Q 10 are at the end of this page: Q. 11: Which of the following is correct? A. Impact analysis assesses the effect on the system of a defect found in regression testing. B. Impact analysis assesses the effect of a new person joining the regression test team. C. Impact analysis assesses whether or…

Quick Skill Review Test for ISTQB Exam Q. 1 to 10 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions for preparation of ISTQB certification exam (Quickly Review Your Skills before appearing for ISTQB Certification Exam) Set of 10 Questions Q. 1: Given the following state transition table Which of the test cases below will cover the following series of state transitions? S1 SO S1 S2 SO Exhibit:   A. D, A, B, C. B. A, B, C, D. C. D, A, B. D. A, B, C. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 2: From a Testing perspective, what are the MAIN purposes of Configuration…

High Quality Interview Questions on HP LoadRunner popular with MNCs for their recruitment Every professional in the Software Testing & Quality Assurance domain is certainly aware of HP�s LoadRunner. LoadRunner is a well-known next generation performance verification & validation tool brought by HP. This is a unique tool through which we can simulate situation with hundreds or thousands of artificial users & can impose definite, consistent and repeatable loads on the system thereby stressing it from end-to-end. LoadRunner is designed to accurately predict the actual performance and behavior of the application, thereby increasing our confidence in the reliability of the…

Tutorial-14: To read the sides of a Triangle and check its shape & perform complete Path Testing on it Inputs for the Tutorial: A triangle having three sides a, b and c with their values in the range of 0 to 100 as integers. Objective of this Tutorial: There are two objectives of the tutorial like: Objective 1: To write a Program in C++ for the checking as to whether the triangle is either of : Equilateral Triangle, Isosceles Triangle, Scalene or “Not a Triangle”. Objective 2: To perform Path Testing on the above & derive the following: 1) Flow Graph 2) DD Path Graph…

Benefit analysis-Manual versus Automated Testing Both Manual Testing & Automated Testing have several pros & cons, which are briefly discussed here. Problems with Manual Testing: Some of the problems with manual testing are: 1) Less Reliable: Manual testing is not reliable, as there is no yardstick available to find out whether the actual and expected results have been compared. We just rely on the tester’s words. 2) High Risk: A manual testing process is subject to high risks of oversights and mistakes. People get tired, they may be temporarily inattentive, they may have too many tasks on hand, they may be insufficiently trained…

HP LoadRunner 11.X Certification Exam Skill Test Q. 111 to 120 Newly Added Set of Questions helpful in HP LoadRunner 11.x Certification Exam code HPO M48 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on HP LoadRunner 11.X under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HPO M48) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 101 to Q 110 are at the end of this page:   Q. 111: Which type of graph the image in the following exhibit represent? Exhibit A. Merged graph B. Drill down graph C. Cross scenario graph D.…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 101 to 110 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 91 to Q 100 are at the end of this page:   Q. 101: When running a debug run, what should you be looking for? A. System Worms as expected under load B. No errors pertaining to running the load test C. All server CPU and memory utilization below 50% D. Transaction response times that are higher…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 91 to 100 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 81 to Q 90 are at the end of this page:   Q. 91: Which scenario type allows you to add, start, and stop Vusers during a scenario nun? A. Manual B. Session C. Real Life D. Automated E. User-Defined F. Goal-Oriented <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 92: On which platform can the Controller be installed? A. UNIX…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 81 to 90 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 71 to Q 80 are at the end of this page:   Q. 81: Where can you view the available Vuser types for which you are licensed? A. VuGen B. Analysis C. Controller D. Launch screen <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 82: Which scenario run should have identical run-time settings as the Full Load run? A. Debug B.…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 71 to 80 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 61 to Q 70 are at the end of this page:   Q. 71: Which option in the Analysis tool allows you to compare a measurement in a graph with other measurements during a specific time range of a scenario and view similar trends? A. Drill Down B. Apply Filter C. Merge Graphs D. Auto Correlate <<<<<<…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 61 to 70 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 51 to Q 60 are at the end of this page:   Q. 61: Which performance test finds the behavior and performance of each tier? A. Load test B. Volume test C. Scalability test D. Component test   <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 62: Which performance test is used to find the system breaking point? A. Load test B.…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 51 to 60 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 41 to Q 50 are at the end of this page:   Q. 51: What instructs LoadRunner to prepare the Vusers so they are in the ready state? A. Real-life B. Initialize C. Duration D. Start Vusers <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 52: Which performance test objective is met when determining if the new version of the software…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 41 to 50 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 31 to Q 40 are at the end of this page:   Q. 41: You run a load test & the performance does not agree with your goals. What is the next step that should be taken? A. Consult with subject matter experts B. Add an additional web server to the environment C. Add additional memory to…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 31 to 40 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 21 to Q 30 are at the end of this page: Q. 31: Where in the Run-time settings can you define to only send messages when an error occurs? A. General: Log B. General: Run Logic C. General: Miscellaneous D. General: Additional Attributes <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 32: You are running a test and notice that during…

LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 11 to 20 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Correct Answers to Earlier Questions – Q. 1 to Q 10 are at the end of this page:   Q. 11: Which scenario type helps you plan for future growth and provides a safety factor with the application? A. Debug B. Full Load C. Top Time D. Scalability <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 12: What is an example of a stress test? A. Purchasing at…

Download Link for your Favorite E-Book is at the End of this Page ********************************************************************************************** LoadRunner HPO-M48 Certification Skill Test: Q. 1 to 10 Objective Type / Multiple Choice Questions on LoadRunner under the Series (Quickly Review Your LoadRunner Skills before appearing for HP Certification Exam HP0-M18) Set of 10 Questions Q. 1: What is the LoadRunner term that describes the time a user pauses between steps? A. Pacing B. User Delay C. Think time D. Navigation time <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 2: What is the first stage of load testing process? A. Plan the load test B. Create the scenario C.…

Tutorial-13: To Generate Decision Table based Test Cases for a Payroll Problem Objective of the Tutorial: To generate test cases for the payroll problem based upon decision table based testing technique Consider the payroll system of a person (a) If the salary of a person is less than equal to Rs. 70,000 and expenses do not exceed Rs. 30,000 then 10% tax is charged by IT department. (b) If the salary is greater than Rs.60,000 and less than equal to Rs 2lakhs and expenses don’t exceed Rs. 40,000 than 20% tax is charged by IT department. (c) For salary greater than…

What are the prime considerations in Automated Testing? Automation makes life easier for testers for better reproduction of test results, coverage and reduction in effort. With automation we can produce better and more effective metrics that can help in understanding the state of health of a product in a quantifiable way, thus taking us to the next change. As a widely accepted industry practice, following considerations are kept in mind while performing testing with automated tools: 1) Clear and reasonable expectations should be established in order to know what can and what cannot be accomplished with automated testing in the…

Tutorial-10 How to parameterize our tests using Data-Driver in QTP How to parameterize our tests using Data-Driver in QTP Introduction: With the help of Data Driver utility of QTP, we can easily parameterize all or many test objects or methods, or checkpoints having same constant value in a particular action. The operation here is similar to the �Find & Replace All� process as against time consuming one-by-one �Find & Replace� process. We can replace all instances of a particular constant with a parameter. We can see each & every instance of that constant, by which we can decide whether to…

Tutorial-9 How to define a regular expression in an object checkpoint in QTP How to define a regular expression in an object checkpoint in QTP This short tutorial guides you to the process of defining a regular expression in an object checkpoint in QTP. Step  1: Display the concerned page, window, or screen containing the text desired to be checked. Step  2: Go to “Insert” > “Checkpoint” > “Text Checkpoint”, or click on the arrow next to the “Insert Checkpoint” button and choose “Text Checkpoint” option. Step  3: Click the text string for which we want to create our checkpoint.…

Tutorial-8 How to insert Synchronization Point to pause a test in QTP How to insert Synchronization Point to pause a test in QTP This short tutorial guides you to the process of inserting a Synchronization Point in a test in QTP. Step  1: Start the recording of the test. Step  2: Display the screen of the application, which contains the object for which we want to insert a synchronization point. Step  3: In QTP choose“Insert” > “Step” > “Synchronization Point”. The mouse pointer will change its shape to a pointing hand. Step  4: Click the object in the application for…

Download Link for your Favorite Presentation is at the End of this Page ****************************************************************************************** What skills are needed for Automated Testing The skills required depends on what generation of automation the company is in. 1) Capture / playback and test harness tools (first generation). 2) Data driven tools (second generation). 3) Action driven (third generation). The three generations upon which the skills depend are described below one by one 1) Capture / Playback and Test Harness Tools: One of the most boring and time-consuming activity during testing life cycle is to rerun manual tests number of times. Here, capture/playback tools are…

What is Formal Verification-Proof of Correctness A proof of correctness is a mathematical proof that a computer program or a part thereof will, when executed, yield correct results i.e., results fulfilling specific requirements. Before proving a program correct, the theorem to be proved must, of course, be formulated. Hypothesis: The hypothesis of such a correctness theorem is typically a condition that the relevant program variables must satisfy immediately “before” the program is executed. This condition is called the “precondition”. Thesis: The thesis of the correctness theorem is typically a condition that the relevant program variables must satisfy immediately “after” execution of the…

Tutorial-12: To calculate the value of previous date and generate its Decision Table based Test Cases Inputs for the Tutorial: The present Date is an input as two integers a & b. Objective of this Tutorial: There are two objectives of the tutorial like: Objective 1: To write a Program in C++ for the determining the value of previous dates based upon various combinations of present date as input. Objective 2: Decision Table Based testing for situations in which a number of combinations of actions shall be taken for different conditions. Four parts of decision table being covered shall be: Condition Stub, Action Stub,…

What stages we need to pass through for Keyword Driven Testing in QTP? With the help of keyword-driven testing approach we can bifurcate most of the programming activities from the actual testing activities. This way testers can create their tests much earlier and are able to efficiently manage the application with just small updates even when the application undergoes significant. The entire test creation process using keyword-driven methodology involves following two stages: Stage – 1: Creation of a set of resources for testing or an infrastructure for the test automation. Stage – 2: Creation of desired tests using the Keyword View of…

Tutorial-11: To calculate the value of (a to the power b) and Generate its Decision Table based Test Cases Inputs for the Tutorial: An expression ( ab ) with input as two integers a & b. Objective of this Tutorial: There are two objectives of the tutorial like: Objective 1: To write a Program in C++ for the determining the value of expression ( ab ). Objective 2: Decision Table Based testing for situations in which a number of combinations of actions shall be taken for different conditions. Four parts of decision table being covered shall be: Condition Stub, Action Stub, Condition Entries and Action Entries.  …

Tutorial-10: To Find out the area of a Triangle, Square, Rectangle and a Circle and generate its Equivalence Class Test Cases Objective of this Tutorial: There are two objectives of the tutorial like: Objective 1: To write programs in C++ for the determining the areas of a Triangle, Square, Rectangle & a circle. Objective 2: Equivalence Class Testing by designing Test Cases for all i.e. Triangle, Square, Rectangle & circle Solution Part 1: Program in C++ #include #include #include void main() { clrscr(); int ch; char c; float, b, h, a; 1: cout<<“Enter your choice”; cout<<“n1.Triangle”; cout<<“n2.Square”; cout<<“n3.Rectangle”; cout<<“n4.Circle”; cout<<“n5.Exitn”; cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case…

Understanding the Role of V and V in SDLC 1) Traceability Analysis: It traces each software requirement back to the system requirements established in the concept activity. This is to ensure that each requirement correctly satisfies the system requirements and that no extraneous software requirements are added. In this technique, we also determine whether any derived requirements are consistent with the original objectives, physical laws and the technologies described in system document. 2) Interface Analysis: It is the detailed examination of the interface requirements specifications. The evaluation criteria is same as that for requirements specification. The main focus is on…

Presentations cum Tutorials on QTP – QuickTest Professional Following Presentations are a sort of Tutorials meant for deeper understanding of various concepts. What you may read from a good book on testing, has been expertly explained through presentations. The Presentations are available for Free Download on to your PC. Just Click on the link of your desired format & the download shall start in the background & the downloaded file shall open automatically. Please have patience, since download may take some time depending upon the speed of your Internet Connection. Available Formats are (*.pdf ) Openable in Acrobat Reader & (*.ppt) openable in MS Powerpoint software.…

Presentations cum Tutorials on Software Testing Following Presentations are a sort of Tutorials meant for deeper understanding of various concepts. What you may read from a good book on testing, has been expertly explained through presentations. The Presentations are available for Free Download on to your PC. Just Click on the link of your desired format & the download shall start in the background & the downloaded file shall open automatically. Please have patience, since download may take some time depending upon the speed of your Internet Connection. Available Formats are (*.pdf ) Openable in Acrobat Reader & (*.ppt) openable in MS Powerpoint software. <<<<< ==============…

Download Link for your Favorite E-Book is at the End of this Page ************************************************************************************************ Pros & Cons of Data-driven versus Keyword-driven Automation Frameworks Many types of test automation frameworks are being practiced by the industry. There are several benefits / drawbacks of each one of them. However it depends upon the testing expert as to how he/she makes the selection based upon many considerations of reusability of test scripts and all other test assets. Here we shall try to differentiate between Data-driven Framework and Keyword-driven or Table-driven Framework. Data-Driven Testing Framework: In data-driven testing the input and output values for the…

Tutorial-16 How to pass parameters from one script to another by CallScript Method using IBM Rational Functional Tester-RFT A suggestion of great value: Before practicing these Tutorials on “Rational Functional Tester – IBM RFT”, it is recommended that you acquire a preliminary working knowledge of using this wonderful tool –“Rational Functional Tester”. This can be easily attained by careful study of the“Frequently Asked Questions � FAQ�s” brought to you by this web site for the first time by Clicking on the following link: Learn the Basics of RFT through FAQ’s   <<<<<<<< =========== >>>>>>>> This article presents a simple method of using the…

Tutorial-15 How to replace an exact match property with a Pattern using IBM Rational Functional Tester-RFT A suggestion of great value: Before practicing these Tutorials on “Rational Functional Tester – IBM RFT”, it is recommended that you acquire a preliminary working knowledge of using this wonderful tool –“Rational Functional Tester”. This can be easily attained by careful study of the“Frequently Asked Questions � FAQ�s” brought to you by this web site for the first time by Clicking on the following link: Learn the Basics of RFT through FAQ’s   <<<<<<<< =========== >>>>>>>> This article presents a simple method of replacing an exact match…

Tutorial-14 How to insert a verification point from the script explorer using IBM Rational Functional Tester-RFT A suggestion of great value: Before practicing these Tutorials on “Rational Functional Tester – IBM RFT”, it is recommended that you acquire a preliminary working knowledge of using this wonderful tool –“Rational Functional Tester”. This can be easily attained by careful study of the“Frequently Asked Questions � FAQ�s” brought to you by this web site for the first time by Clicking on the following link: Learn the Basics of RFT through FAQ’s   <<<<<<<< =========== >>>>>>>> This article presents a simple method of inserting a verification point…

Tutorial-13 How to call a script from a IBM RFT-Functional Test Script A suggestion of great value: Before practicing these Tutorials on “Rational Functional Tester – IBM RFT”, it is recommended that you acquire a preliminary working knowledge of using this wonderful tool –“Rational Functional Tester”. This can be easily attained by careful study of the“Frequently Asked Questions � FAQ�s” brought to you by this web site for the first time by Clicking on the following link: Learn the Basics of RFT through FAQ’s   <<<<<<<<=========== >>>>>>>> This article presents a simple method of calling a script from IBM – RFT Functional Test…

Tutorial-12 How to Create a Datapool using IBM-Rational Functional Tester-RFT A suggestion of great value: Before practicing these Tutorials on “Rational Functional Tester – IBM RFT”, it is recommended that you acquire a preliminary working knowledge of using this wonderful tool –“Rational Functional Tester”. This can be easily attained by careful study of the“Frequently Asked Questions � FAQ�s” brought to you by this web site for the first time by Clicking on the following link: Learn the Basics of RFT through FAQ’s <<<<<<<< =========== >>>>>>>> This article presents a simple method of creating a Datapool using IBM – RFT Brief Introduction to Datapools:…

Types of VandV Approaches and their Objectives and Limitations Majority of software engineering practices attempt to create and modify software in a manner that maximizes the probability of satisfying its user expectations. As a resultant several approaches or techniques for Verification & Validation evolve across the development cycle. Primarily V & V Techniques are of two types like: 1) Static Methods: These static methods of V&V basically involve the review processes. 2) Dynamic Methods: These dynamic methods like black box testing can be applied at all levels, even at system level. While the principle of white box testing is that it checks…

HP QTP Question Bank: Q. 201 to 210 Q. 201: Which QTP feature allows you select the appropriate add-ins to load with your test. Add-in Manager <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 202: Name the six columns of the Keyword view. Item, Operation, Value, Documentation, Assignment, Comment <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 203: List the steps to change the logical name of an object named “ThreedPanel” into “StatusBar” in the Object Repository.Select Tools > Object Repository. In the Action1 object repository list of objects, select an object, right click and select Rename from the pop-up menu. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 204: Name the…

Tutorial-9: To Find out the Roots of a Quadratic Equation and Generate its Boundary Value Test Cases Inputs for the Tutorial: A quadratic equation a(x2)+bx+c=0 with input as three positive integers a, b, c having values ranging from an interval [0,100]. Objective of this Tutorial: There are two objectives of the tutorial like: Objective 1: To write a Program in C++ for the determining the nature of roots of the above quadratic equation. The program output may have one of the following words: “Not a Quadratic Equation”, “Real Roots”, “Imaginary Roots” or “Roots are Equal” Objective 2: Boundary Value Testing by designing Test Cases which…

How do we compare Software Verification and Validation-V and V Software verification and validation (V&V) is a technical discipline of systems engineering. According to Stauffer and Fuji, Software V&V is “a process of systems engineering which employs a rigorous methodology for doing the evaluation of the correctness & quality of a software product all across the software life cycle.” According to Dr. Berry Boehm, Software V&V is performed in parallel with the software development and not at the conclusion of the software development. However, both verification and validation are different. Let us tabulate the differences between them.   Verification Validation…

Effective Strategies of Unit Testing Place of Unit Testing in Software Development Life Cycle: This is the first and the most important level of testing. Its need begins from the moment a programmer develops a unit of code. Every unit is tested for various scenarios. Detecting and fixing bugs during early stages of the Software Lifecycle helps reduce costly fixes later on. It is much more economical to find and eliminate the bugs during early stages of application building process. Hence Unit Testing is the most important of all the testing levels. As the software project progresses ahead it becomes…

Tips for building sound strategies for Test Automation Development of an effective test automation framework is a complex process involving many stages. Every stage poses different set of challenges, which need to be scientifically addressed. A sound framework can be created on a solid foundation of a good test automation approach. Few guidelines for creating the same are being described below. The process begins with formulating a sound strategy for automation beginning with the requirement phase & extending till the deployment phase. This process is kick-started by understanding the set of business rules and various conditions specified by the client.…

Typical Architecture of Automation Frameworks An Automation Framework primarily comprises of elements like: A) Function Library B) Object Repository C) Database D) Application Scenario Files E) Initialization VB Script F) Sequence File G) Driver Script H) Test Case List File A) Function Library: While creating automation framework the entire coding is done by using VB script functions that are user defined. We store these VB script functions in function library files with (*.vbs) extension. Apart from Driver Scripts, there is no need of doing any script creation beyond the function library. Every application consists of following two types of function…

Tutorial-8: To Generate Equivalence Class Test Cases-For the Salesman Commission Calculation Program “A desert cooler sales person sold cooler fans, pumps and bodies that were made by a cooler maker. Fans cost $45, pumps cost $30 and bodies cost $25. The salesperson had to sell at least one complete cooler per month, and the production limits were such that the most the sales person could sell in a month was 70 fans, 80 pumps and 90 bodies. The sales person used to send the details of sold items to the cooler maker. The cooler maker then computed the sales person’s…

Guidelines to create Best Test Automation Frameworks? Every testing organization endeavors to build test automation frameworks, which are the best & robust. However this is not an easy task & involves great amount of challenge. Following guidelines are helpful in developing strong & truly useful frameworks based upon keyword driven methodology. 1) Creation of Centralized Test Automation Team: We are able to save considerable amount of time, development efforts as well as money by being able to use keyword elements again & again among different applications by going in for keyword driven methodology. This can become true reality provided there…

Tutorial-7: To Generate Equivalence Class Test Cases-For the Next Date Function “Next Date” is a function consisting of three variables like: month (mm), date (dd) and year (yyyy). It returns the date of next day as output. It reads current date as input date. The conditions are C1: 1 ≤ month ≤ 12 C2: 1 ≤ day ≤ 31 C3: 1812 ≤ year ≤ 2012 Thus based on valid values, the equivalence classes are: M1= {month: 1 <- month <- 12} D1 = {day: 1 <-day<<-31} Y1= {year: 1812 <- year <- 2012} And the invalid equivalence classes are: M2…

Download Link for your Favorite E-Book is at the End of this Page *********************************************************************************** How to Implement test with Keyword Driven Methodology in QTP? Generally the test engineer follows following sequential steps while implementing Keyword Driven Approaches while using QuickTest Professional Step 1: Analyze the application to find out the testing needs: In this step, weu determine our application�s development environment, such as Web, Java, or .NET, so that we can load the required QTP add-ins. We also find out the business processes and functionality we want to test. Step 2: Set up object repositories: After we decide what we want to test…

New Era of migration from Keyword Driven Testing to Business Process Testing Being a part of evolution, the software industry migrated to test automation from conventional manual testing. However now the time has come when the industry is approaching another milestone of Business Process Automation. BPT is another step ahead of Keyword Driven Automation testing. What is the new approach all about? In this emerging approach of Business Process Automation, the Functional Subject Matter Experts find the automation frameworks more handy & meaningful due to their continued involvement right from the beginning. This way the test automation process turns towards being more…

What setup is needed for Keyword Driven Testing in QTP Prior to beginning the keyword-driven testing, it is essential that some of the expert automation engineers are entrusted the task of creating a dedicated test automation setup or automation infrastructure which will be shared by all the tests pertaining to the particular application or its functionality. The key elements of the automation infrastructure are basically a group of function libraries along with shared object repositories. Once the test automation infrastructure is created, the process of building keyword-driven tests can be started by the application testing engineers by choosing objects and…

In QTP Keyword Driven Testing versus Recording-Which one to choose Tests can be created in QTP with the help of Recording or by using Keyword-driven methodology or by a combination of both of them. Following are some of the situations wherein each one of these approaches are beneficial. Accordingly we can decide as to whether to go in for Keyword-driven testing or recording for our application. Recording is beneficial especially in situations like: 1) Recording is quite helpful to the beginners. Due to its simplicity, even a novice user is able to understand the mechanism as to how QTP understands…

Correct Answers to Objective Type Questions on Database Testing are at the end of this page: Review your Skills on Database Testing-Through Descriptive Questions Q.1: How can we unit test our databases? We can test stored procedures by executing SQL statements one at a time against known results. Then the results can be validated with expected results. This is similar to unit testing. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q.2: What are certain points that are to be kept in mind during database testing? Following four important points need to be kept in mind. (1) I/O validations and error handling must be done…

Review your Skills on Database Testing-Through Objective Type Questions Q. 1: RDBMS should focus on: A. Logic only B. Mission Critical Business functionality C. Both A. and B. D. None of the above. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 2: Database Regression testing can be done: A. Sometimes B. Not required C. Regular basis D. None of the above. <<<<<< =================== >>>>>>   Q. 3: A process of making a small change to a database schema, which improves its design without changing its semantics is known as A. Refactoring B. Regression testing C. Unit testing D. None of the above <<<<<< ===================…

Who is best suited for Testing the Database Key individuals responsible for doing database testing are application developers and agile database administrators. They will typically pair together and will perform pair testing which is an extension of pair programming. Pair database testing has following advantages. Firstly testing becomes a real time interaction. Secondly, discussions are involved throughout. The database testers are also responsible for procuring database-testing tools for the organization. Some of the dataset testing CASE tools are described below: Category of Testing   Meaning   Examples UNIT TESTING TOOLS Tools, which enable us to regression test our database. DBUnit,…

Tutorial-6: To Generate Equivalence Class Test Cases-For the Triangle Problem “The triangle program takes three integers, a, b and c as input. These are taken to be the sides of the triangle. The output of the program can be either of: Equilateral Triangle, Isosceles Triangle, Scalene or “Not a Triangle”. We can use these to identify output (range) equivalence classes as under: 01 = {<a, c=”” b,=””> : the triangle is equilateral} </a,> 02 = {<a, c=”” b,=””> : the triangle is isosceles} </a,> 03 = {<a, c=”” b,=””> : the triangle is scalene} </a,> 04 = {<a, c=”” b,=””> : sides a, b…

How Secured Your Job is-A Barometer for Self-Assessment Devil of economic recession continues to haunt everyone these days. During such period of crisis, several people have already lost their jobs all across the globe. Apart from this majority of those who happen to be fortunate enough to survive till date, are in fact somehow surviving under a constant fear of getting pink slip any moment. Here is a barometer & a practical tool to introspect & know as to how secured your present job is. What you need to do is? Step -1: Carefully go through the following ten questions or…

Tutorial-5: To Generate Equivalence Class Test cases-For Tax Calculation Problem Equivalence Partitioning refers to a testing technique, with two prime goals like: 1) Reduction of number of test cases to the bare minimum. 2) Identification of the ideal test cases, which should be able to cover maximum number of scenarios.  Equivalence Partitioning is typically applied to the inputs of a tested component, although in some isolated cases it can be used on the outputs of components in the software application. Equivalence Partitioning technique utilizes a subset of data which is representative of a larger class. Equivalence partitioning involves partitioning of the…

Tutorial-4: To Generate BVA Test Cases-For the Salesman Commision Calculation Program Before we generate the test cases for the sales commission calculation program, firstly we need to define the problem domain as described below. Problem Domain: “A desert cooler sales person sold cooler fans, pumps and bodies that were made by a cooler maker. Fans cost $45, pumps cost $30 and bodies cost $25. The salesperson had to sell at least one complete cooler per month, and the production limits were such that the most the sales person could sell in a month was 70 fans, 80 pumps and 90 bodies.…

Download Link for your Favorite Presentation is at the End of this Page ****************************************************************************************** What are the typical steps involved in Testing Databases Database testing primarily involves two key activities like: A) Organising Sandboxes B) Developing Test Cases Now let us discuss these two key activities in detail A) Key Activity – 1: Organising Sandboxes: Database testing involves the need of a copy of databases which are called sandboxes. These sandboxes are of following three types 1) Functionality Sandbox:In this we check the new functionality of database and refactor the existing functionality. Then we pass the tested sandbox to the next stage,…

Tutorial-3: To Generate BVA Test Cases-For the Next Date Function Before we generate the test cases for the Next Date Function problem, firstly we need to define the problem domain as described below. Problem Domain: “Next Date” is a function consisting of three variables like: month, date and year. It returns the date of next day as output. It reads current date as input date. The conditions are C1: 1 ≤ month ≤ 12 C2: 1 ≤ day ≤ 31 C3: 1900 ≤ year ≤ 2025. If any one condition out of C1, C2 or C3 fails, then this function produces…

When should we test a Database Testing of databases involves initial testing of database and database refactoring. This strategy can be applied concurrently to both the application code and the database schema. Testing of databases is done not only during the release but also during the development. New software developers follow Test-First Approach wherein a test case is first written and then code is written which will fulfill this test. A) Step by step approach is as under: Step – 1: A test is added for just enough code to fail. Step – 2: Tests are then run to make sure that…

Why should we test a Relational Database First of all let us quickly understand as to what are the Relational Datatbases Relational databases are tabular databases that are used to store target related data that can be easily reorganized and queried. They are used in many applications by millions of end users. What are the key aspects of Database Testing? 1) Testing of the actual data. 2) Database integrity. 3) Functionality testing of database application. The users may access, update, delete or append to the database. The modified database should be error free. To make the database error free and…

Tutorial-2: To Generate BVA Test Cases-For the Triangle Problem Before we generate the test cases, firstly we need to define the problem domain as described below. Problem Domain: “The triangle program accepts three integers, a, b and c as input. These are taken to be the sides of a triangle. The integers a, b and c must satisfy the following conditions C1: 1 ≤ a ≤ 200 C2: 1 ≤ b ≤ 200 C3: 1 ≤ c ≤ 200 C4: a < b+c C5: b < a+c C6: c < a+b The output of the program may be either of: Equilateral…

Tutorial-1: To Generate BVA Test Cases-For Tax Calculation Problem Boundary Value Analysis is a data selection technique in which test data is selected from the “boundaries” of the input or output domain classes, data structures and procedure parameters. Selection mainly include the actual minimum and maximum boundary values, with a tolerance of (+ 1 or – 1) on the maximum and the minimum values. Boundary Value Analysis is similar to Equivalence Partitioning, however it focuses on “Boundary or Corner Cases”. Although according to Equivalence Partitioning definition, testing of one value from a particular class is equivalent to doing the testing…

Glossary of Terms beginning Alphabet-I Impact Analysis:  Impact Analysis refers to the assessment of change to the layers of development documentation, test documentation and components, in order to implement a given change to specified requirements. Incident: Incident refers to any event occurring during testing that requires investigation. Incident Management: Incident Management refers to the process of recognizing, investigating, taking action and disposing of incidents. It involves recording incidents, classifying them and identifying the impact. Incident Management Tool: Incident Management Tool refers to a tool that facilitates the recording and status tracking of incidents found during testing. They often have workflow-oriented facilities to track and…

Glossary of Terms beginning Alphabet-H Heuristic Evaluation: Heuristic Evaluation refers to a static usability test technique to determine the compliance of a user interface with recognized usability principles (the so-called “heuristics”). High Level Test Case: High Level Test Case refers to the test case without concrete values for input data and expected results. High Order Tests: High Order Tests are Black-box tests conducted once the software has been integrated. Histogram: Histogram is a bar graph which displays the distribution of the measurement data in a data set which are organized according to the frequency or relative frequency of occurrence. It illustrates the…

Kiviat Charts the Best Black Box Graphical Tool for Problem Identification Kiviat charts are versatile graphical display tool which presents different metrics against maximum & minimum benchmarks. Kiviat chart consists of radial lines representing a particular metric. Every metric is drawn to a suitable scale; wherein maximum & minimum values are represented by outer & inner concentric circles. In the charts shown below the outer circle is the maximum threshold and the band is the minimum threshold. The band between the two circles is the acceptable range. A Sample of Kiviat Charts for Development Code Metrics for a web application…

Various Scenarios and appropriate Black Box Testing Techniques A summary on various scenarios under which different Black Box testing techniques will be useful are as under: Sr. Type of Test Scenario Appropriate Black Box Testing Technique 1 Output values dictated by certain conditions depending upon values of input variables. Decision tables. 2 Input values in ranges, with each range showing a particular functionality. Boundary Value Analysis (BVA). 3 Input values divided into classes. Equivalence partitioning. 4 Checking for expected and unexpected input values. Positive and negative testing. 5 Workflows, process flows or language processors. Graph based testing. 6 To ensure…

Answers to Objective Type Questions on Website Testing are at the end of this page Review your skills on Website Testing – through Descriptive Questions Q. 1: Consider a Web Server Supporting 10,000 concurrent users who request documents from a pool of 10 different HTML documents (with an average size of 2K each) every 3.5 minutes. Calcualte the bandwidth requirement for handling this throughput? Throughput = [10,000x(2x1024x8)} / (3.5 x 60) = 780,190 bps or = [10000 x (2 KB x 1024 bytes/KB x 8 bits/byte)] / (3.5 minx sec/min) Therefore The Bandwidth (B.W) = 780,190 bps <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q.…

Review your Skills on Wesite Testing-through Objective Type Questions Q. 1: Websites can be tested using A. Black box techniques B. White box techniques C. Both A. and B. D. None of the above <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 2: Which of the following is a functional testing technique A. Transaction testing B. Web-browser page testing C. Both A. and B. D. None of the above <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 3: Maintenance of websites may involve A. 2 months (average) B. 4 months (average) C. 6 months (average) D. None of the above <<<<<< =================== >>>>>> Q. 4: Whcih type of…

Comparison among various Black Box or Functional Software Testing Techniques Testing Effort The functional methods vary both in terms of the number of test cases generated and the effort to develop these test cases. To compare the three techniques, namely, boundary value analysis (BVA), equivalence class partitioning and decision table based technique let us focus our attention on  the following graph.   The domain-based techniques have no recognition of data or logical dependencies. They are very mechanical in the way they generate test cases. Because of this, they are also easy to automate. The techniques like equivalence class testing focus on…

Broad Comparison among typical Web Application Project & Conventional Software Project has been drawn in the form of short questions or issues, which need to be resolved.   Sr. Web Application Project Conventional Software Project 1 Gathering user requirements:# What services are we going to offer our customers? # What is the best user interface and navigation to reach the most important pageswith a minimum of clicks?# What are the cunenttrends and hot technologies?This is typically based on discussions, notes and ideas. Gathering user requirements:   # What are we going to build?   # How does it compare to…

Cause-Effect Graphing-Black Box Software Testing Technique This is basically a hardware testing technique adapted to software testing. It considers only the desired external behaviour of a system. This is a testing technique that aids in selecting test cases that logically relate Causes (inputs) to Effects (outputs) to produce test cases. A �Cause� represents a distinct input condition that brings about an internal change in the system. An �Effect� represents an output condition, a system transformation or a state resulting from a combination of causes. According to Myer Cause & Effect Graphing is done through the following steps: Step – 1: For…

Essential Elements of Testing Web Applications Today everyone depends upon websites for business, education and trading purpose. Websites are related to the internet. It is believed that no work is possible without internet today. There are so many types of users connected to the websites who need different type of information. So, websites should respond according to the user requirements. At the same time, the correct behaviour of sites has become crucial to the success of businesses and organizations and thus should be tested thoroughly and frequently. Here we are discussing various methods to test a website. However, testing a…

Decision Table Based Testing-Black Box Software Testing Technique Of all the functional testing methods, those based on decision tables are the most rigorous because decision tables enforce logical rigour. What are Decision Tables?   Decision tables are precise and compact way to model complicated logic. They are ideal for describing situations in which a number of combinations of actions are taken under varying sets of conditions. It is another popular black box testing. A decision table has following four portions (a) Stub portion (b) Entry portion (c) Condition portion, and (d) Action portion Structure of decision table: Please refer following decision…

Functional or Black Box Testing of Web Applications Web Browser-Page Testing: This type of test covers the objects and code that executes within the browser, but does not execute the server-based components. For example, JavaScript and VB Script code within HTML that does rollovers, and other special effects. This type of test also includes field validations that are done at the HTML level. Additionally, browser-page tests include Java applets that implement screen functionality or graphical output. For web browser testing we can create test cases using following guidelines: 1) If all mandatory fields on the form are not filled then…